History ------- (L. magnes, magnet, from magnetic properties of pyrolusite; It. manganese, corrupt form of magnesia) Recognized by Scheele, Bergman, and others as an element and isolated by Gahn in 1774 by reduction of the dioxide with [carbon](/research/charts/periodic-table-of-elements/carbon). Sources ------- Manganese minerals are widely distributed; oxides, silicates, and carbonates are the most common. The discovery of large quantities of manganese nodules on the floor of the oceans may become a source of manganese. These nodules contain about 24% manganese together with many other elements in lesser abundance. Most manganese today is obtained from ores found in Russia, Brazil, Australia, Republic of S. Africa, Gabon, and India. Pyrolusite and rhodochrosite are among the most common manganese minerals. The metal is obtained by reduction of the oxide with [sodium](/research/charts/periodic-table-of-elements/sodium), [magnesium](/research/charts/periodic-table-of-elements/magnesium), [aluminum](/research/charts/periodic-table-of-elements/aluminum), or by elctrolysis. Properties ---------- It is gray-white, resembling [iron](/research/charts/periodic-table-of-elements/iron), but is harder and very brittle. The metal is reactive chemically, and decomposes cold water slowly. Manganese is used to form many important alloys. In steel, manganese improves the rolling and forging qualities, strength, toughness, stiffness, wear resistance, hardness, and hardenability. With [aluminum](/research/charts/periodic-table-of-elements/aluminum) and [antimony](/research/charts/periodic-table-of-elements/antimony), especially with small amounts of [copper](/research/charts/periodic-table-of-elements/copper), it forms highly ferromagnetic alloys. Manganese metal is ferromagnetic only after special treatment. The pure metal exists in four allotropic forms. The alpha form is stable at ordinary temperature; gamma manganese, which changes to alpha at ordinary temperatures, is said to be flexible, soft, easily cut, and capable of being bent. Uses ---- The dioxide (pyrolusite) is used as a depolarizer in dry cells, and is used to “decolorize” glass that is colored green by impurities of iron. Manganese by itself colors glass an amethyst color, and is responsible for the color of true amethyst. The dioxide is also used in the preparation of oxygen and chlorine, and in drying black paints. The permanganate is a powerful oxidizing agent and is used in quantitative analysis and in medicine. Manganese is widely distributed throughout the animal kingdom. It is an important trace element and may be essential for utilization of vitamin B1. Handling -------- Exposure to manganese dusts, fume, and compounds should not exceed the ceiling value of 5 mg/m^3 for even short periods because of the element’s toxicity level.